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How much life insurance do I need?
In most cases, if
you have no dependents and have enough money to pay your final
expenses, you don’t need any life insurance.
If you want to create an inheritance or make a charitable contribution,
buy enough life insurance to achieve those goals.
If you have dependents, buy enough life insurance so that, when
combined with other sources of income, it will replace the income you
now generate for them, plus enough to offset any additional expenses
they will incur to replace services you provide (for a simple example,
if you do your own taxes, the survivors might have to hire a
professional tax preparer). Also, your family might need extra money to
make some changes after you die. For example, they may want to
relocate, or your spouse may need to go back to school to be in a
better position to help support the family.
You should also plan to replace “hidden income” that would be lost at
death. Hidden income is income that you receive through your employment
but that isn’t part of your gross wages. It includes things like your
employer’s subsidy of your health insurance premium, the matching
contribution to your 401(k) plan, and many other “perks,” large and
small. This is an often-overlooked insurance need: the cost of
replacing just your health insurance and retirement contributions could
be the equivalent of $2,000 per month or more.
Of course, you should also plan for expenses that arise at death. These
include the funeral costs, taxes and administrative costs associated
with “winding up” an estate and passing property to heirs. At a
minimum, plan for $15,000.
Other sources of income
Most families have some sources of post-death income besides life
insurance. The most common source is Social
Security survivors’ benefits.
Social Security survivors’ benefits can be substantial. For example,
for a 35-year-old person who was earning a $36,000 salary at death,
maximum Social Security survivors’ monthly income benefits for a spouse
and two children under age 18 could be about $2,400 per month, and this
amount would increase each year to match inflation. (It drops slightly
when the survivors are a spouse and one child under 18, and stops
completely when there are no children under 18. Also, the surviving
spouse’s benefit would be reduced if he or she earns income over a
certain limit.)
Many also have life insurance through an employer plan, and some from
another affiliation, such as through an association they belong to or a
credit card. If you have a vested pension benefit, it might have a
death component. Although these sources might provide a lot of income,
they rarely provide enough. And it probably isn’t wise to count on
death benefits that are connected with a particular job, since you
might die after switching to a different job, or while you are
unemployed.
A multiple of salary?
Many pundits recommend buying life insurance equal to a multiple of
your salary. For example, one financial advice columnist recommends
buying insurance equal to 20 times your salary before taxes. She chose
20 because, if the benefit is invested in bonds that pay 5 percent
interest, it would produce an amount equal to your salary at death, so
the survivors could live off the interest and wouldn’t have to “invade”
the principal.
However, this simplistic formula implicitly assumes no inflation and
assumes that one could assemble a bond portfolio that, after expenses,
would provide a 5 percent interest stream every year. But assuming
inflation is 3 percent per year, the purchasing power of a gross income
of $50,000 would drop to about $38,300 in the 10th year. To avoid this
income drop-off, the survivors would have to “invade” the principal
each year. And if they did, they would run out of money in the 16th
year.
The “multiple of salary” approach also ignores other sources of income,
such as those mentioned previously.
A simple example
Suppose a surviving spouse didn’t work and had two children, ages 4 and
1, in her care. Suppose her deceased husband earned $36,000 at death
and was covered by Social Security but had no other death benefits or
life insurance. Assume the surviving spouse is 36.
Assume that the deceased spent $6,000 from income on his own living
expenses and the cost of working. Assume, for simplicity, that the
deceased performed services for the family (such as property
maintenance, income tax and other financial management, and occasional
child care) for which the survivors will need to pay $6,000 per year.
Assume that the survivors will have to buy health insurance to replace
the coverage the deceased had at work, and that this will cost $12,000
per year.
Taken together, the survivors will need to replace the equivalent of
$48,000 of income, adjusted each year for an assumed 4 percent
inflation.
Thanks to Social Security, the survivors would need life insurance to
replace only about $1,700 per month of lost wage income (adjusted for
inflation) for 14 years until the older child reaches 18; Social
Security would provide the rest. The survivors would need life
insurance to replace about $2,100 per month (adjusted for inflation)
for three more years when the non-working surviving spouse has only one
child under 18 in her care.
The life insurance amount needed today to provide the $1,700 and $2,100
monthly amounts is roughly $360,000. Adding $15,000 for funeral and
other final expenses brings the minimum life insurance needed for the
example to $375,000.
What’s left out?
The example leaves out some potentially significant unmet financial
needs, such as
- The surviving spouse will have no
income from Social Security from age 53 until 60 unless the deceased
buys additional life insurance to cover this period. It could be
assumed that the surviving spouse will obtain a job at or before this
time, but she could also become disabled or otherwise unable to work.
If life insurance were bought for this period, the additional amount of
insurance needed would be about $335,000.
- Some people like to plan to use
life insurance to pay off the home mortgage at the primary income
earner’s death, so that the survivors are less likely to face the
threat of losing their home. If life insurance were bought for this
goal, the additional amount of insurance needed is the amount of the
unpaid balance on the mortgage.
- Some people like to provide money
to pay to send their children to college out of their life insurance.
We may assume that each child will attend a public college for four
years and will need $15,000 per year. However, college costs have been
rising faster than inflation for many decades, and this trend is
unlikely to slow down. If life insurance were bought for this goal, the
additional amount of insurance needed would be about $200,000.
- In the example, no money is planned
for the surviving spouse’s retirement, except for what the spouse would
be entitled to receive from Social Security (about $1,200 per month).
It could be assumed that the surviving spouse will obtain a job and
will either participate in an employer’s retirement plan or save with
an IRA, but she could also become disabled or otherwise unable to work.
If life insurance were bought to provide the equivalent of $4000 per
month starting at age 60 until 65 and $3,000 per month from 65 on
(because at 65 Medicare will make carrying private health insurance
unnecessary), the additional amount of insurance needed would be about
$465,000.
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